Effectiveness of Criminal Sanctions Enforcement against Environmental Pollution by Industrial Corporations in Indonesia Efektivitas Penegakan Sanksi Pidana atas Pencemaran Lingkungan oleh Korporasi Industri di Indonesia Section Articles

##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.sidebar##

Published Mar 31, 2025
https://doi.org/10.57032/jsd.v5i1.294
Download
PDF
Statistic
Vol. 5 No. 1 (2025)

##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.main##

Andi Lala
Institut Teknologi Petroleum Balongan
Kosim Kosim
Universitas Islam Negeri Siber Syekh Nurjati Cirebon

Abstract

Environmental pollution by industrial companies in Indonesia remains a serious issue, threatening environmental sustainability and public safety. Although Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management (UUPPLH) provides a strong legal basis, its enforcement often lacks effectiveness. This research aims to analyze the forms of environmental criminal offenses committed by industrial companies and the effectiveness of criminal law enforcement carried out by law enforcement agencies. This study employs a normative legal research method with a qualitative-descriptive approach, analyzing relevant regulations, court decisions, and law enforcement practices. Data were gathered through intensive literature review. The findings indicate that the UUPPLH extensively regulates various forms of industrial pollution offenses, from exceeding quality standards to illegal hazardous waste management, which are subject to substantial fines and administrative sanctions. However, law enforcement faces significant challenges, including the complexity of proving corporate fault, limited resources and coordination among law enforcement agencies, and the potential influence of external factors such as the economic power of corporations. Criminal sanctions, particularly fines, have not consistently provided an optimal deterrent effect, and the obligation for environmental restoration post-judgment is often not fully implemented. This study emphasizes the urgency of enhancing the capacity and coordination of law enforcement, as well as the importance of public participation and transparency in legal processes. The contribution of this article lies in its integrative analysis of legal norms and practical enforcement challenges, offering concrete policy recommendations for strengthening the environmental criminal justice system. A limitation of this study is its primary focus on normative aspects, without extensive empirical fieldwork.

##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.details##

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC

References

  1. Aduko, J., Yakubu, M. A., & Anokye, K. (2025). Assessing the environmental impacts of urban sprawl on vegetation cover and ecosystem integrity in Wa municipality, Ghana. World Development Sustainability, 6, 100225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wds.2025.100225
  2. Aiman, R. (2024). Hukum dan korupsi: Tantangan dan solusi dalam pemberantasan korupsi di Indonesia. Peradaban Journal of Law and Society, 3(1), 16–30.
  3. An, R., & Liu, P. (2023). Research on the Environmental Philosophy of China’s Environmental Crime Legislation from the Perspective of Ecological Civilization Construction. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(2), 1517. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021517
  4. Anam, K., & Harahap, M. S. (2024). PERAN DAN KERJA SAMA ANTAR LEMBAGA DALAM MENANGANI KASUS PENCURIAN MINYAK DI LAUT. LEX LAGUENS: Jurnal Kajian Hukum Dan Keadilan, 2(1), 51–60.
  5. Anjari, W. (2018). Pertanggungjawaban Korporasi Sebagai Pelaku Tindak Pidana. Jurnal Widya Yustisia, 1(2), 247176.
  6. Darmawan, A., Susanti, R., & Kartini, I. A. (2024). Penyelesaian Kasus Pembakaran Lahan Tanpa Izin Menurut Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 Tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup (Studi Kasus di Kota Prabumulih Provinsi Sumatra Selatan). UMPurwokerto Law Review, 4(1), 29–37.
  7. Fadhilah, H., Relynada, R., Erin, F., & Fadhillah, M. R. (2022). Implementasi Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 Tentang Perlindungan Dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup Terhadap Kebersihan Lingkungan Masyarakat. Cross-Border, 5(2), 1190–1200.
  8. Fitriani, H., Ajayi, S., & Kim, S. (2022). Analysis of the Underlying Causes of Waste Generation in Indonesia’s Construction Industry. Sustainability, 15(1), 409. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15010409
  9. Fizri, A. F. (n.d.). Analisis Disparitas Putusan Hakim Dalam Sengketa Ekonomi Syariah: Studi Kasus Nasabah Koperasi Dengan Kemacetan Pembayaran (Putusan No. 4418/Pdt. G/2023/PA. Tgrs dan Putusan No. 156/Pdt. G/2024/PA. Smn). Fakultas Syariah dan Hukum UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.
  10. Fridawati, T., Gunawan, K., Andika, R., Rafi, M., Ramadhan, R., & Isan, M. (2024). Perkembangan Teori Pertanggungjawaban Pidana di Indonesia: Kajian Pustaka terhadap Literatur Hukum Pidana. Jimmi: Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Multidisiplin, 1(3), 317–328.
  11. Haykal, A. M. F., & Darsis, H. (2025). Buku Ajar Dan Referensi Hukum Pidana. PT. Sonpedia Publishing Indonesia.
  12. Hildawati, H., Haryani, H., Umar, N., Suprayitno, D., Mukhlis, I. R., Sulistyowati, D. I. D., Budiman, Y. U., Saktisyahputra, S., Faisal, F., & Thomas, A. (2024). Literasi Digital: Membangun Wawasan Cerdas dalam Era Digital terkini. PT. Green Pustaka Indonesia.
  13. Jha, A., & Jha, M. (2024). The Hidden Dangers: How Synthetic Organic Compounds Impact Health and the Environment. International Journal of Nursing Information, 3(2), 9–21. https://doi.org/10.58418/ijni.v3i2.104
  14. Kusumadewi, Y., & Sharon, G. (2022). Hukum Perlindungan Konsumen. Lembaga Fatimah Azzahrah.
  15. Listiyani, N., & Nopliardy, R. (2022). Kajian Terhadap Uu Cipta Kerja Kluster Lingkungan Hidup Atas Dihapusnya Prinsip Strict Liability. Al-Ulum: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Humaniora, 8(2).
  16. Medhika, N. G. A. J., Dewi, A. A. S. L., & Suryani, L. P. (2022). Konsep Anti Eco-Slapp dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup. Jurnal Interpretasi Hukum, 3(1), 220–224.
  17. Meutia, A. A., Bachriadi, D., & Gafur, N. A. (2023). Environment Degradation, Health Threats, and Legality at the Artisanal Small-Scale Gold Mining Sites in Indonesia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(18), 6774. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20186774
  18. Mukti, W. A. W., Suroya, S., Wahyudin, R., Mubarok, R. F., & Kusyadi, R. F. N. (2024). KEBIJAKAN HUKUM LINGKUNGAN TENTANG PENGELOLAAN LIMBAH BAHAN BERBAHAYA DAN BERACUN (B3). Bureaucracy Journal: Indonesia Journal of Law and Social-Political Governance, 4(3), 2730–2750.
  19. Naibaho, R. B., & Berutu, S. P. (2025). Analisis Peran Jaksa Dalam Penuntutan Kasus Pidana Lingkungan Di Indonesia. SUPREMASI: Jurnal Hukum, 7(2), 141–159.
  20. Ningrum, V. P., & Rahayu, M. I. F. (2024). Pelaksanaan Penegakan Hukum Lingkungan Secara Perdata dalam Kasus Pencemaran Sungai Yang Disebabkan oleh Aktivitas Industri. Jurnal Pendidikan Indonesia, 5(12).
  21. Nopianto, E., Suryaningsi, S., & Wingkolatin, W. (2024). Internalisasi Penguatan Karakter Peduli Lingkungan Pada Siswa Melalui Materi Penegakan Hukum Pengelolan Lingkungan di Industri Pertambangan. SEIKAT: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial, Politik Dan Hukum, 3(1), 81–90.
  22. Nurfikri, A., Kesa, D. D., Wu, M., Roselina, E., & Hidayat, A. (2024). Public awareness, attitudes, behavior and norms building green hospitals’ power. Heliyon, 10(20), e39336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e39336
  23. Nuriyatman, E., Budhiartie, A., & Amir, L. (2025). Peran Hukum dalam Pengelolaan dan Perlindungan Lahan Gambut. JURNAL USM LAW REVIEW, 8(2), 753–776.
  24. Oktora, N. Dela. (2023). Peranan Pemerintah Terkait Kerusakan Lingkungan Hidup Di Tinjau Dari Aspek Administrasi. Siyasah Jurnal Hukum Tatanegara, 3(2), 160–177.
  25. Prayoga, H., & Tuasikal, H. (2025). Penyebaran Konten Deepfake Sebagai Tindak Pidana: Analisis Kritis Terhadap Penegakan Hukum Dan Perlindungan Publik Di Indonesia. Abdurrauf Law and Sharia, 2(1), 22–38.
  26. Purwendah, E. K., & Erowati, E. M. (2021). Prinsip Pencemar Membayar (Polluter Pays Principle) Dalam Sistem Hukum Indonesia. Jurnal Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan Undiksha, 9(2), 340–355.
  27. Rahim, A. (2024). THE LEGITIMACY TRAP. Boston University Law Review, 104(1), 1–71.
  28. Refangga, G. S., Arifin, R., Soleh, M., & Santoso, S. B. (2024). Mencegah Kejahatan Keuangan: Peran Auditor Investigasi dalam Mengungkap Penggelapan Pajak. Innovative: Journal Of Social Science Research, 4(3), 15116–15131.
  29. Rifai, R., & Haeril, H. (2024). Integrasi kebijakan publik dan pengelolaan sumber daya alam untuk pembangunan pesisir di kabupaten Bima. Journal of Governance and Local Politics (JGLP), 6(1), 25–36.
  30. Saly, J. N., & Metriska, C. (2023). Kebijakan Pemerintah Dalam Pengendalian Pencemaran Udara di Indonesia Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2009. Jurnal Kewarganegaraan, 7(2), 1642–1648.
  31. Setiawan, I. (2024). Pengawasan pemerintahan dalam ulasan teori dan praktek. CV. Rtujuh Media Printing.
  32. Soedirjo, A. T., Santiago, F., & Jaya, S. (2023). Reform of Corruption Criminal Law: a Study of Corruptor Asset Application Law in Indonesia. Journal of Social Research, 2(9), 2942–2954. https://doi.org/10.55324/josr.v2i9.1346
  33. Sutanto, N. N., Christie, A., Elviyana, J., Simanjuntak, C. P., & Baharina, A. M. S. A. (2025). Implementasi Good Corporate Governance Dalam Mencegah Tindak Pidana Korupsi Pada Badan Usaha Milik Negara. Acten Journal Law Review, 2(1), 51–71.
  34. Tambunan, A. M. P., & Silahahi, W. (2025). Analisis Yuridis terhadap Penggunaan Lagu secara Komersial tanpa Izin Pencipta dalam Perspektif Undang-Undang Hak Cipta. Jurnal Tana Mana, 6(1), 340–350.
  35. Taylor, M. B. (2021). Counter Corporate Litigation: Remedy, Regulation, and Repression in the Struggle for a Just Transition. Sustainability, 13(19), 10742. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131910742
  36. Wikurendra, E. A., Csonka, A., Nagy, I., & Nurika, G. (2024). Urbanization and Benefit of Integration Circular Economy into Waste Management in Indonesia: A Review. Circular Economy and Sustainability, 4(2), 1219–1248. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43615-024-00346-w
  37. Wulandari, R., Iswara, A. P., Qadafi, M., Prayogo, W., Astuti, R. D. P., Utami, R. R., Jayanti, M., Awfa, D., Suryawan, I. W. K., Fitria, L., & Andhikaputra, G. (2024). Water pollution and sanitation in Indonesia: a review on water quality, health and environmental impacts, management, and future challenges. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 31(58), 65967–65992. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-35567-x
  38. Wulansari, W., & Adhariani, D. (2023). Corporate waste disclosure, risk‐taking and foreign ownership: Evidence from Indonesia. Business Strategy & Development, 6(2), 205–225. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsd2.234
  39. Yamani, A. Z. (2024). Legal drafting untuk perubahan hukum: Tantangan dan solusi dalam penyusunan regulasi dan undang-undang yang adaptif. Journal of Law and Nation, 3(4), 1026–1036.
  40. Zein, M. H. M. (2023). Reformasi birokrasi: Dunia birokrasi dan pemerintahan. Sada Kurnia Pustaka.